Congenital heart disease (CHD) refers to a range of birth defects affecting the structure and function of the heart.
CHDs are present at birth and can affect the structure of a baby’s heart and the way it works. They can affect how blood flows through the heart and out to the rest of the body. CHDs can vary from mild (such as a small hole in the heart) to severe (such as missing or poorly formed parts of the heart). Children with CHD are about 50% more likely to receive special education services compared to children without birth defects.
About 1 in 4 babies born with a heart defect has a critical CHD (also known as critical congenital heart defect). Babies with a critical CHD need surgery or other procedures in the first year of life. The prevalence (the number of babies born with heart defect compared to the total number of births) of some CHDs, especially mild types, is increasing, while the prevalence of other types has remained stable. The most common type of heart defect is a ventricular septal defect where there is a hole in the wall (septum) that separates the two lower chambers (ventricles) of the heart.
Symptoms of CHD can vary widely depending on the type and severity of the defect. Here are some signs that may indicate a child has congenital heart disease:
Cyanosis: This is a bluish tint to the skin, lips, and nails, caused by decreased oxygen levels in the blood. Cyanosis is often most noticeable when the child is active or crying.
Rapid breathing: Children with CHD may breathe faster than normal or have difficulty breathing, especially during feeding or physical activity.
Poor feeding or difficulty gaining weight: Some infants with CHD may tire easily during feeding due to the extra effort required to breathe and feed simultaneously.
Fatigue: Children with CHD may tire easily during physical activity or appear excessively sleepy or lethargic.
Delayed growth and development: Children with CHD may have slower growth rates or delays in reaching developmental milestones compared to their peers.
Heart murmurs: A healthcare provider may detect abnormal heart sounds, known as heart murmurs, during a physical examination. While not all heart murmurs indicate CHD, they can be a clue that further evaluation is needed.
Recurrent respiratory infections: Children with CHD may be more susceptible to respiratory infections due to the strain on their heart and lungs.
Swelling: In some cases, children with CHD may develop swelling in the legs, abdomen, or around the eyes due to fluid retention.
Clubbing: Clubbing refers to the rounding and enlargement of the fingertips and nails. It can be a sign of decreased oxygen levels in the blood, which may occur with certain types of CHD.
It’s important to note that not all children with CHD will exhibit these symptoms, and some may not show any signs at all. Additionally, some symptoms may not become apparent until later in childhood or adolescence. If you suspect your child may have congenital heart disease, it’s crucial to consult a pediatrician or pediatric cardiologist for a thorough evaluation and appropriate management. Early diagnosis and treatment can significantly improve outcomes for children with CHD. Generally, with proper treatment and care, one is still able to survive with Congenital Heart Disease up to 35 years and sometimes beyond. Regular visits with a cardiologist are important, because they allow the parents of children with heart defects to make the best possible choices for the health of their child. These visits also allow adults living with a heart defect to make the best possible choices for their own health.
Reference: CDC.
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